Izici ZeSouth Korea's Tiger Economy

1. Ukuthuthuka Kwezimboni Okusheshayo

Esinye sezici ezigqama kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa komnotho waseNingizimu Korea ukuthuthuka kwayo ngokushesha kwezimboni, okwaqala ngeminyaka yawo1960. Uhulumeni waqala uchungechunge Lwezinhlelo Zokuthuthukiswa Komnotho Zeminyaka Emihlanu okuhloswe ngazo ukuguqula izwe lisuke emnothweni wezolimo libe yisizinda sezimboni. Izimboni ezibalulekile ezifana nendwangu, ukwakha imikhumbi, insimbi, nezinto zikagesi zithole utshalomali olubalulekile, olukhuthaze ukukhula komnotho kukonke.

Ngeminyaka yawo1970 kanye nawo1980, uhulumeni washintshela ekugxileni ezimbonini ezisindayo nezinamakhemikhali. Izinkampani ezifana neHyundai, iSamsung, neLG zavela, zithola ukwesekwa kombuso nezimo ezivumayo zezikweletu ukuze ziqhubekisele phambili ukukhula kwazo. Ama“Chaebols” (amacomglomerates amabhizinisi amakhulu omndeni) abe umgogodla wezwe lezimboni zaseNingizimu Korea, eqhuba ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe nokudala imisebenzi.

2. Izinqubomgomo Zikahulumeni zamasu

Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Korea udlale indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umnotho ngezinqubomgomo zamasu nokungenelela. Uhulumeni wamukela isu lokukhula eliholwa yizimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, eligcizelela ukubaluleka kwezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. Inikeze uxhaso, izinxephezelo zentela, kanye nemalimboleko ekhethwayo ukukhuthaza izinkampani ukuthi ziphishekele ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngamandla.

Ekupheleni kweminyaka yawo1980 no1990, njengoba iSouth Korea iqhubekela kuntando yeningi, ukukhululeka kwezomnotho kwaba yinto ehamba phambili. Izithiyo zohwebo zehliswa, futhi kwakhuthazwa ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe (iFDI. Lolu shintsho lusize ukuhlanganisa iNingizimu Korea emnothweni womhlaba, okuholele ekwandeni kokuncintisana kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.

3. Ukugcizelelwa Kwezemfundo Nokuthuthukiswa Kwabasebenzi

Ukutshalwa kwezimali kweSouth Korea kwezemfundo kube semqoka empumelelweni yayo yezomnotho. Uhulumeni waqaphela kusenesikhathi ukuthi abasebenzi abanamakhono aphezulu babebalulekile ekusimamiseni ukukhula kwezimboni. Ngenxa yalokho, izinsiza ezibalulekile zabelwa ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwezemfundo.

Isistimu yezemfundo eSouth Korea ibonakala ngamazinga aphezulu ezemfundo nokugcizelela kakhulu isayensi nezibalo. Abafundi baseNingizimu Korea benza kahle ngokungaguquki ekuhloleni kwamazwe ngamazwe, njengoHlelo Lokuhlola Abafundi Bamazwe Ngamazwe (PISA. Lokhu kugxila kwezemfundo kuholele ekutheni kube nabasebenzi abazilungiselele kahle izidingo zomnotho wesimanje, oqhutshwa ubuchwepheshe.

Ngaphezu kwemfundo esemthethweni, iSouth Korea iphromotha izinhlelo zokufunda impilo yonke nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha ukuze isize abasebenzi bazijwayeze nezidingo zomkhakha ezishintshayo. Lokhu kugxila ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhono okuqhubekayo kube nomthelela emakethe yezabasebenzi evumelana nezimo futhi enokuncintisana.

4. Ukuqamba Okusha Kwezobuchwepheshe

Ukuqamba okusha kwezobuchwepheshe kuwuphawu lweTiger Economy yaseSouth Korea. Izwe litshale imali eningi ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni (iR&D), okuholele entuthukweni enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.

ISouth Korea ihamba phambili emhlabeni jikelele kubuchwepheshe bolwazi nokuxhumana (ICT) kanye nogesi wabathengi. Izinkampani ezifana neSamsung kanye neLG zibeke indinganiso yokuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe kumasmartphones, amathelevishini, namasemiconductors. Uhulumeni usesungule izinhlelo zokweseka iR&D, okuhlanganisa noxhaso lwezimali zokuqala kanye nezikhuthazo zokusebenzisana phakathi kwezemfundo nezimboni.

Izwe futhi ligxile kubuchwepheshe besikhathi esizayo obufana neartificial intelligence (AI), ibiotechnology, namandla avuselelekayo. Ukuzinikela kweNingizimu Korea ekuthuthukiseni umnotho ohlakaniphile kukhombisa inhloso yayo yokuhlala ihamba phambili ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe emhlabeni wonke.

5. Imikhuba Yokuhweba Emhlabeni Wonke

Imodeli yezomnotho yaseNingizimu Korea incike kakhulu ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Izwe lisayine izivumelwano zohwebo lwamahhala (FTAs) eziningi namazwe emhlabeni jikelele, ezisiza ukufinyelela kalula ezimakethe kanye nokukhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe.

Njengoba ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kubala ingxenye enkulu yeGDP yayo, umnotho waseSouth Korea uxhumene ngempela nezimakethe zomhlaba. Izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ezinkulu zihlanganisa izinto zikagesi, izimoto, imikhumbi, namakhemikhali epetrochemicals. Uhulumeni uhlala esebenzela ukuhlukanisa izimakethe zakhe zangaphandle futhi anciphise ukuthembela kunoma yimuphi umnotho owodwa, ikakhulukazi iChina.

ISouth Korea iyilungu lezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe eziningana, ezihlanganisa iWorld Trade Organization (WTO) kanye neOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD. Ukubamba iqhaza kulezi zinhlangano kuvumela iSouth Korea ukuthi ibe nomthelela kuzinqubomgomo namazinga okuhweba omhlaba.

6. Izici Zamasiko Nezimiso Zokusebenza

Amanani wamasiko eSouth Korea nawo abe nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwawo komnotho. Isimilo esiqinile sokusebenza, ukuqina, nokuzibophezelaemfundweni kugxilile emphakathini waseNingizimu Korea.

Izimiso zeConfucian, ezigcizelela inhlonipho ngemfundo, ukusebenza kanzima, nezinhlaka zomphakathi ezilandelanayo, kuye kwalolonga isimo sengqondo saseNingizimu Korea. Lesi sizinda samasiko sikhuthaza umqondo ogxile emphakathini, lapho impumelelo eyiqoqo ibekwa phambili ngaphezu kwempumelelo yomuntu ngamunye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu baseNingizimu Korea baziwa ngokuvumelana nezimo nokuzimisela ukwamukela ushintsho. Lesi sici samasiko senze izwe likwazi ukuzungeza ngokushesha ekuphenduleni izinguquko kwezomnotho emhlabeni wonke kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ligcine umkhawulo walo wokuncintisana.

7. Izinselelo Nezikhombisindlela Zesikhathi esizayo

Naphezu kwezimpumelelo zayo ezinhle kwezomnotho, iSouth Korea ibhekene nezinselele ezimbalwa ezingaba nomthelela esimweni sayo seTiger Economy. Lokhu kufaka phakathi inani labantu asebekhulile, ukungalingani kwemali engenayo, nokukhathazeka kwemvelo.

Ukwehla kwezinga lokuzalwa kubangela usongo olukhulu kubasebenzi nasekusimameni komnotho. Uhulumeni usebenzisa izinqubomgomo zokukhuthaza ukukhula komndeni kanye nokusekela ibhalansi yokuphila komsebenzi, kodwa ukusebenza kwalezi zinyathelo kusazobonakala.

Ukungalingani kweholo nakho kuyinkinga ekhulayo, ikakhulukazi njengoba igebe lengcebo likhula phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu. Ukubhekana nalolu daba kuzodinga izinqubomgomo zenhlalo eziphelele ezihloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukufinyelela emfundweni namathuba omsebenzi kuzo zonke izigaba zabantu.

Njengoba ukugxila emhlabeni jikelele kushintshela ekusimameni, iSouth Korea kumele ibhekane nezinselelo zokudlulela emnothweni oluhlaza kuyilapho igcina ukukhula kwezimboni. Uhulumeni useqalile ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo okuhloswe ngazo ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kanye nokukhuthaza imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo.

Isiphetho

ITiger Economy yaseSouth Korea ibonakala ngokukhula ngokushesha kwezimboni, izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni wamaqhinga, ukugcizelela okuqinile kwezemfundo, ukusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, kanye nezinqubo zohwebo eziqinile emhlabeni jikelele. Lezi zici, ezihlanganiswe nezici zamasiko ezikhuthaza ukusebenza kanzima nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ziqhubekisele iNingizimu Korea phambili emnothweni womhlaba. Kodwake, njengoba izwe libhekene nezinselelo ezintsha, ikhono lalo lokusungula izinto ezintsha nokuzivumelanisa nezimo lizobalulekile ekusimamiseni ukukhula komnotho nokuqinisekisa ikusasa eliqhakazile. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseNingizimu Korea kusebenza njengemodeli ekhuthazayo yamanye amazwe asathuthuka alwela ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho endaweni ekhulayo yokuncintisana yomhlaba.

1. Umongo Womlando: Ukuzalwa Kwengwe

Ukuze uqonde Umnotho weTiger of South Korea, kubalulekile ukuhlola umongo wawo womlando. Impi yaseKorea (19501953) yashiya izwe liyincithakalo, nobumpofu obudlangile nomnotho oncike kakhulu kwezolimo. Kodwake, inkathi yangemva kwempi yabona ukuqaliswa kwezinguquko ezibalulekile ezihloselwe ukwakha kabusha nokwenza umnotho ube ngowesimanje.

Esinye sezinyathelo zokuqala ezathathwa kwaba uMthetho Wokuguqulwa Komhlaba ka1950, owabela kabusha umhlaba usuka kubanikazi bomhlaba abacebile waya kubalimi abaqashile. Lolu shintsho alugcinanga nje ngokwenza ngcono ukukhiqiza kwezolimo kodwa futhi lwandisa imali engenayo yasemaphandleni, lwabeka isisekelo sesisekelo sabathengi esasizosekela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kamuva.

IU.S. usizo phakathi neminyaka yokuqala yokwakha kabusha, ikakhulukazi ngoHlelo Losizo Lwezomnotho lwaseKorea, lunikeze uxhaso olubalulekile nezinsiza. Ukusungulwa kweBhodi Lokuhlela Umnotho ngo1961 kwenze ukuhlelwa komnotho okuhlelekile, okugxile kuzinqubomgomo zezimboni ezazizobeka eqhulwini ukukhula okugxile ekuhwebeni kwamanye amazwe.

2. Imikhakha Ebalulekile Ukukhula Kokushayela

Yize umnotho waseSouth Korea uye wahlukahluka eminyakeni edlule, imikhakha eminingana ebalulekile ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuqhubekiseni ukukhula. Ukuqonda le mikhakha kunikeza ukuqonda kudynamics yeTiger Economy.

Imboni yezogesi isifana ncamashi nempumelelo yezomnotho yaseNingizimu Korea. Izinkampani ezifana neSamsung kanye neSK Hynix zingabaholi bomhlaba wonke ekukhiqizeni amasemiconductor, ingxenye ebalulekile kuyo yonke into kusukela kumasmartphones kuya kumakhompyutha.