Izintengo Zezimpahla: Amathrendi, Izinto, kanye nemithelela

Isingeniso

Izintengo zezimpahla zidlala indima ebalulekile emnothweni womhlaba. Zisebenza njengezinkomba ezibalulekile zempilo yezomnotho, ukukhuphuka kwamandla emali okunomthelela, ukulinganiswa kwemali, kanye nokuzinza kwemakethe kukonke. Izimpahla zingahlukaniswa kabanzi zibe yizinto eziqinile nezithambile: izinto eziqinile zihlanganisa izinsiza zemvelo njengensimbi namafutha, kuyilapho izinto ezithambile zihlanganisa imikhiqizo yezolimo efana nokusanhlamvu nemfuyo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici ezithonya izintengo zempahla, izitayela zomlando, nemithelela yazo kubabambiqhaza abahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ohulumeni, abatshalizimali, nabathengi.

Amathrendi Omlando Ezintengo Zempahla

Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, izintengo zempahla zibe nokuguquguquka okukhulu. Kusukela ezinkingeni zikawoyela ngeminyaka yawo1970s kuya ekwenyukeni kwentengo ngeminyaka yawo2000 kanye nokuguquguquka kwakamuva ngenxa yokungezwani kwezwe kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuqonda lezi zindlela zomlando kunikeza ukuqonda mayelana nokuguquguquka kwezimakethe zamanje.

Ukuvinjelwa kukawoyela yiOPEC ngo1973 kwaholela ekwenyukeni kwamanani entengo kawoyela ongahluziwe, okwaba nomthelela omubi emnothweni womhlaba, okunomthelela ekuntengantengeni kwemali emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga. Inkinga igcizelele ukuba sengozini kweminotho ethembele kuwoyela ovela kwamanye amazwe.

Igqugquzelwa ukuthuthuka kwezimboni ngokushesha emazweni afana neChina neIndia, izintengo zempahla zikhule ngendlela engakaze ibonwe. Isibonelo, intengo kawoyela ongahluziwe yafinyelela ngaphezu kuka$140 ngomphongolo ngo2008, kuyilapho amanani ezolimo nawo enyuka. Lokhu kukhula kudalwe ukukhuphuka kwesidingo sezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okucatshangelwayo.

Ngemuva kokukhula kwezimpahla, ukwehla okukhulu kwenzeke, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokugcwala ngokweqile kanye nokwehla kwesidingo esivela eChina. Amanani kawoyela ehle afinyelela cishe ku$30 umphongolo ngamunye ekuqaleni kuka2016. Lesi sikhathi sigqamisa isimo sokujikeleza kwezimakethe zezimpahla kanye nomthelela wezimo zomnotho zomhlaba.

Ubhubhane lweCOVID19 lubangele izinguquko ezimangazayo ezintengo zempahla. Ekuqaleni, amanani ehla ngenxa yesidingo esinciphile, kodwa njengoba umnotho wawuvulwa kabusha futhi kwaphazamiseka uxhaxha lwempahla, amanani enyuka kakhulu. Ukungezwani kwezepolitiki, ikakhulukazi ukungqubuzana kweRussiaUkraine, kwandise ukuntengantenga, ikakhulukazi ezimakethe zamandla nezinhlamvu.

Izici Ezithonya Izintengo Zempahla

Ukuqonda izinto eziningi ezithinta amanani entengo kubalulekile ekuhlaziyeni amathrendi emakethe. Lezi zici zingahlukaniswa zibe yisupply side, demandside, kanye nemithelela yangaphandle.

• Amazinga Okukhiqiza:Inani lempahla ekhiqizwayo lithinta ngqo inani layo. Isibonelo, isivuno esikhulu singaholela ekuthengeni ngokweqile nasekunciphiseni amanani emikhiqizo yezolimo, kuyilapho ukuncishiswa kokukhiqizwa ngabakhiqizi abakhulu bakawoyela kungakhuphula amanani entengo.
• Izinhlekelele Zemvelo: Izehlakalo ezifana neziphepho, izikhukhula, noma isomiso zingaphazamisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa. Isibonelo, iziphepho eGulf of Mexico zingaphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela namandla okucwengisiswa, okuholela ekwenyukeni kwentengo.
• Intuthuko Yezobuchwepheshe: Ukuqanjwa okusha kumasu okukhipha kanye nokulima kungashintsha amandla okunikezela. Uguquko lukawoyela weshale eUnited States lwashintsha kakhulu ukunikezwa kukawoyela emhlabeni, okube nomthelela ekwehleni kwentengo.

• Ukukhula Komnotho: Iminotho ekhulayo ivamise ukudinga izinto ezinengi. Ukuthuthuka kwezimboni ngokushesha emazweni afana neShayina kwandisa isidingo sezinsimbi namandla, okwenza amanani entengo anyuke.
• Ukuziphatha Kwabathengi: Ukushintsha kokuncanyelwayo kwabathengi, njengokudlulela kumandla avuselelekayo, kunganciphisa isidingo samafutha emvelo emvelo, kuthinte amanani azo.
• Ukwehluka Kwesizini:Impahla yezolimo ivamise ukubhekana nokuguquguquka kwentengo kwesizini. Isibonelo, amanani ommbila kanye nobhontshisi wesoya angase enyuke ngesikhathi sokutshala nesokuvuna.

• Izehlakalo Zezwe: Izingxabano, izivumelwano zohwebo, nezijeziso zingaba nomthelela omkhulu ezintengo zempahla. Ukungezwani okuqhubekayo eMpumalanga Ephakathi kuvame ukuholela ekwesabeni mayelana nokuphazamiseka kokuhlinzekwa kukawoyela.
• Ukushintshashintsha Kohlobo Lwemali:Njengoba izinto eziningi zithengiswa ngamadola aseU.S., ukushintshashintsha kwenani ledola kungase kuthinte izintengo. Idola elibuthakathaka lenza izinto ezithengiswayo zishibhe kubathengi bangaphandle, okungase kukhuphule isidingo nokwenyusa amanani.
• Ukuqagela:Izimakethe zezimali zidlala indima ebalulekile ekubekweni kwentengo yempahla. Abahwebi nabatshalizimali bavame ukuqagela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwamanani entengo, okungaholela ekwenyukeni kokuntengantenga.

Imithelela Yokuguquguquka Kwentengo Yempahla

Imithelela yokushintsha amanani entengo idlulela emikhakheni eyahlukene, ethinta umnotho, izimboni, kanye nabathengi ngabanye.

• Ukwehla kwamandla emali: Ukukhuphuka kwezintengo zempahla kuvamise ukuholela ekwenyukenikudambise izindleko zokukhiqiza, okungaholela emananini aphezulu omthengi, kube nomthelela ekwehleni kwamandla emali. Isibonelo, ukukhuphuka kwentengo kawoyela kungaholela ezindlekweni zokuthutha eziphezulu, okubuye kube nomthelela emananini ezimpahla.
• Amabhalansi Okuhweba:Amazwe angabathengisi bezimpahla ezingaphandle bahlomula emananini akhuphukayo, okungathuthukisa amabhalansi awo okuhweba futhi kuqinise izimali zawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abathenga kwamanye amazwe bangase babhekane nokushoda kwezohwebo.
• Ukukhula Komnotho:Ukuthuthuka kwezimpahla kungakhuthaza ukukhula komnotho emazweni anothile ngezinsiza, okuholela ekwandeni kokutshalwa kwezimali nokudalwa kwamathuba emisebenzi. Kodwake, ukuthembela ezimpahleni ezithengiswayo nakho kungadala ukukhubazeka kwezomnotho uma amanani ehla.

• EzoLimo:Ukushintshashintsha kwezintengo zezimpahla zezolimo kungaba nomthelela emalini etholwa abalimi kanye nezinqumo zokutshala imali. Amanani aphezulu angase akhuthaze ukukhuphuka komkhiqizo, kuyilapho amanani aphansi engaholela ekucindezelekeni ngokwezimali kubalimi.
• Umkhakha Wamandla: Izinkampani zikagesi zithinteka ngqo ngenxa yokushintsha kwentengo kawoyela negesi. Izintengo eziphakeme zingaholela ekwenyukeni kokuhlola nokukhiqiza, kuyilapho amanani aphansi angase abangele ukuncishiswa nokudilizwa.
• Ukukhiqiza:Izimboni ezithembele ezinsimbi nezinto zokusetshenziswa zizwela ekushintsheni kwentengo. Ukwenyuka kwezindleko zempahla kungacekela phansi inzuzo futhi kuholele emananini aphezulu abathengi.

• Izindleko Zokuphila: Abathengi ngokuvamile bangabokugcina ukuzwa imiphumela yokukhuphuka kwamanani ezimpahla, kodwa ekugcineni babhekane namanani aphezulu okudla, uphethiloli, nezinye izimpahla ezibalulekile.
• Izinqumo Zokutshalwa Kwezimali: Izinguquko emananini ezimpahla zingaba nomthelela ekukhetheni ukutshalwa kwezimali komuntu ngamunye, ikakhulukazi ezimpahleni nasezitokweni zezimboni ezihlobene.

Izibikezelo Zesikhathi esizayo Zamanani Ezimpahla

Ikusasa lezintengo zempahla cishe lizothonywa amathrendi ambalwa abalulekile:

• Uguquko Oluhlaza: Njengoba umhlaba usondela ekususweni kwekhabhoni, isidingo sempahla ethile sizokhuphuka. Izinsimbi ezibalulekile kubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza, njengelithium yamabhethri, kulindeleke ukuthi zibone ukukhuphuka kwentengo njengoba uguquko lukhula ngesivinini.
• Ukukhula Kwabantu Nokufudukela Emadolobheni: Ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwabantu kanye nokufudukela emadolobheni kuzoqhuba isidingo samandla, ukudla, nezinto zokwakha. Lo mkhuba uphakamisa ukuthi impahla yezolimo namandla izohlala idingeka kakhulu, okungase kuholele ekuguquguqukeni kwentengo.
• IGeopolitical Stability: Igeopolitical landscape izoqhubeka nokuba nomthelela kumanani entengo yempahla. Ukuzinza ezifundeni ezinkulu ezikhiqiza impahla kungase kubangele amanani abikezelwe, kuyilapho ukungazinzi kungase kubangele ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwentengo.
• Izimali Zedijithali Nezimpahla:Ukukhula kwezimali zedijithali kungase kushintshe indlela izinto ezithengiswa ngayo. Njengoba amacryptocurrencies amukelwa, anganikeza ezinye izindlela zokutshala imali nokuqagela, okunomthelela ezimakethe zempahla evamile.

Isiphetho

Izintengo zezimpahla zithonywa ukusebenzisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuhlinzeka nokufunwa kwamandla, izici zangaphandle, nokuqagela kwemakethe. Ukushintshashintsha kwawo kunomthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho, ezimbonini nakubathengi ngokufanayo. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela nezici kubalulekile kubenzi bezinqubomgomo, amabhizinisi, nabatshalizimali abahlose ukuzulazula ezinseleleni namathuba ethulwa izimakethe zezimpahla.