Isithombe Somphakathi Senkathi YeMedina: Imibono Evela Emlandweni WamaSulumane

Isikhathi seMedina siphawula isahluko esishintshayo emlandweni wamaSulumane, kokubili kwezenhlalo nakwezepolitiki. Le nkathi yaqala ngemva kweHijra (ukufuduka) koMprofethi uMuhammad (PBUH) kanye nabalandeli bakhe besuka eMecca baya eYathrib, eyayizokwaziwa kamuva ngokuthi yiMedina. Idolobha laba yindawo engcwele yamaSulumane, lapho umphakathi wamaSulumane osafufusa wawukwazi ukusebenzisa ukholo lwawo ngokuthula okulinganiselwe futhi umise ukuhleleka okusha kwezenhlalo, kwezomthetho, nokuziphatha okusekelwe ezimisweni zamaSulumane.

1. Ingemuva leMedina

Ngaphambi kokufika koMprofethi uMuhammad, iYathrib kwakuyidolobha elibonakala ngezingxabano zezizwe, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezizwe ezimbili eziqavile zamaArab, amaAws kanye namaKhazraj. Lezi zizwe, kanye nezizwe ezintathu ezinkulu zamaJuda—aBanu Qaynuqa, Banu Nadir, kanye namaQurayza—zazinezingxabano ezivamile nezingxabano ngezinsiza kanye nokubusa kwezombangazwe.

Idolobha beligcwele ukwehlukana kwangaphakathi, futhi umnotho walo wawugxile kwezolimo nohwebo. AmaJuda aseMedina aba nendima ebalulekile emnothweni waleli dolobha, njengoba abaningi behileleka kwezohwebo namabhange. Ukufuduka koMprofethi uMuhammad kanye namaSulumane okuqala kulesi silungiselelo kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu emphakathini waseMedina, kulethe izinguquko ezabonakala ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

2. Umthethosisekelo waseMedina: Inkontileka Entsha Yomphakathi

Elinye lamagalelo abaluleke kakhulu oMprofethi uMuhammad endaweni yezenhlalo nepolitiki yaseMedina kwaba ukusungulwa koMthethosisekelo waseMedina (owaziwa nangokuthi uMqulu waseMedina. Lo mbhalo uthathwa njengomthethosisekelo wokuqala obhaliwe emlandweni, futhi usebenze njengesivumelwano senhlalo esihlanganisayo esabopha izizwe nemiphakathi ehlukahlukene yaseMedina, okuhlanganisa amaSulumane, amaJuda, namanye amaqembu, abe yinhlangano eyodwa yezombangazwe.

• Umphakathi kanye Nobuzalwane: Lo mbhalo wasungula ubunikazi beqembu labantu baseMedina, uthi bonke abasayinayo—amaSulumane, amaJuda, nezinye izizwe—bakha isizwe esisodwa, noma “Ummah.” Lona kwakuwumqondo woguquko ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba izinhlangano zezizwe ezihlangene ngaphambili zazinqume ukwakheka komphakathi kanye nobunikazi.
• IInterfaith Relations:Umthethosisekelo wamukele ukuzimela kwemiphakathi engewona amaMuslim eMedina. Izizwe zamaJuda zazikhululekile ukuba ziqhube inkolo yazo futhi ziphathe izindaba zazo zangaphakathi ngokwamasiko azo. Nabo bekulindeleke ukuthi bafake isandla ekuvikeleni idolobha uma kunesidingo.
• Ukuvikela Nokusekelana:Enye yezinjongo eziyinhloko zomthethosisekelo kwakuwukusungula ukuthula nokuvikeleka. Icele ukuvikelana phakathi kwabasayinayo futhi yavimbela imifelandawonye yangaphandle engasongela ubuqotho bomphakathi omusha.

Umthethosisekelo waseMedina usize ukuguqula idolobha eligcwele ukuhlukana kwamaqembu libe umphakathi obumbene futhi obambisane. Ngokokuqala ngqá, amaqembu enkolo ahlukene nezinhlanga ayeyingxenye yenhlangano eyodwa yezombangazwe, enza isisekelo sokuhlalisana ngokuthula.

3. Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle: IParadigm Entsha Yokuziphatha

Ngokusungulwa kweIslam eMedina, idolobha libe nenguquko ejulile enhlanganweni yalo yezenhlalakahle, lisuka ezinhlelweni zezizwe zangaphambi kobuSulumane langena ohlakeni olusha olugxile ezimisweni zokuziphatha zamaSulumane kanye nezimilo. Izimfundiso nobuholi boMprofethi uMuhammad buchaze kabusha ubudlelwano bomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ngokobulungiswa, ukulingana, kanye nesibopho somphakathi.

Ngaphambi kweIslam, umphakathi wamaArab wawusekelwe ikakhulukazi ezinhlanganweni zezizwe, lapho ukwethembeka komuntu kwakusesizweni sawo kunanoma yimuphi umqondo obanzi womphakathi. IIslam yayifuna ukweqa lezi zinhlaka, ikhuthaza ukuhleleka okusha komphakathi lapho ukwethembeka bekukuUmmah wamaSulumane (umphakathi), kungakhathalekile ukuhlukana kwezizwe noma ubuzwe. Lokhu kwaba uguquko olukhulu, ikakhulukazi emphakathini osekunesikhathi eside uhlukaniswe imibango yezizwe.

UmProfethi uMuhammad (PBUH) wagcizelela umqondo wobuzalwane phakathi kwamaSulumane, ewakhuthaza ukuthi asekelane futhi anakekelane njengomzimba obumbene. Lokhu kuvezwe evesini elilandelayo leQuran:

“Amakholwa angabazalwane kuphela, ngakhoke yenzani ukuthula phakathi kwabafowenu futhi nesabe uAllah ukuze nithole umusa” (Surah AlHujurat, 49:10.

Lobu buzalwane buye basungulwa ngoMuhajirun (abafuduki) kanye namaAnsar (abasizi. AmaMuhajirun kwakungamaSulumane asuka eMecca aya eMedina, eshiya amakhaya kanye nengcebo yawo. AmaAnsar, abahlali abangamaSulumane baseMedina, babamukela futhi babelana ngezinsiza zabo. Lesi sibopho sobuzalwane sedlula ukwethembeka kwezizwe zendabuko futhi saba imodeli yobumbano nobubele olwakha isimo senhlalo yaseMedina.

Ukugcizelela kweIslamic kubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kwakuyisici esibalulekile senguquko yomProfethieMedina. Ukungalingani kwezomnotho, ukuxhashazwa, kanye nobumpofu kwakuyizindaba ezivamile eArabia yangaphambi kobuSulumane. Ingcebo yayigxiliswe ezandleni zezizwe ezimbalwa ezinamandla, kuyilapho ezinye zazizabalaza ukuze ziphile. IKur’an kanye nezimfundiso zomProfethi zabeka imigomo yokubhekana nalokhu kungabi nabulungiswa kanye nokwakha umphakathi olinganayo.

Zakat (Isisa)

Enye yezinsika ezimaphakathi zeIslam, izakat(inhlangano esiza abantulayo eyimpoqo), yasungulwa ngesikhathi seMedina. Wonke umSulumane owayenezinga elithile lomcebo kwakudingeka anikeze ingxenye yayo kulabo abaswele, kuhlanganise nabampofu, abafelokazi, izintandane, nabahambi. Lokhu kwabiwa kabusha komcebo kwasiza ekunciphiseni ukungalingani kwezomnotho futhi kwahlinzeka ngenethi yokuphepha kumalungu omphakathi asengozini kakhulu.

IQur’an igcizelela ukubaluleka kwezakat emavesini ambalwa:

“Futhi misani umthandazo futhi ninikele izakat, nanoma yikuphi okuhle enizibekela kona nizokuthola kuAllah” (Surah AlBaqarah, 2:110.

IZakat bekungewona umsebenzi wenkolo kuphela kodwa futhi bekuyinqubomgomo yezenhlalo ebihloselwe ukugqugquzela umuzwa wokuzibophezela nokweseka phakathi komphakathi.

Umnotho Ongenayo Inzalo

Ukuvinjelwa kweofriba(imali ezuzisayo) kwakungolunye ushintsho lwezomnotho olubalulekile olwethulwa ngesikhathi seMedina. EArabia yangaphambi kobuSulumane, ababolekisi bemali babevame ukukhokhisa inzalo emba eqolo, okuholela ekuxhashazweni kwabampofu. IIslam iyenqabela iriba, ikhuthaza umbono wokungakhethi ezintendeni zezezimali futhi ikhuthaze uhlelo lwezomnotho olunokuziphatha okuhle.

Isikhathi seMedina siphinde sabona izinguquko ezibalulekile mayelana nesimo sabesifazane. Ngaphambi kweIslam, abesifazane emphakathini waseArabia babevame ukuphathwa njengempahla, bengenawo amalungelo aphathelene nomshado, ifa, noma ukuhlanganyela komphakathi. IIslam yayifuna ukuphakamisa isimo sabesifazane, ibanike amalungelo kanye nokuvikelwa okwakungakaze kwenzeke ngaleso sikhathi.

Umshado Nokuphila Komndeni

Olunye lwezinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu kwaba sesikhungweni somshado. IQur'an yasungula umqondo wemvume yomshado, lapho abesifazane babenelungelo lokwamukela noma lokwenqaba iziphakamiso zomshado. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuphatha amakhosikazi ngomusa nangenhlonipho, njengoba kuboniswe evesini elilandelayo:

“Futhi nihlale nabo ngomusa” (Surah AnNisa, 4:19.

Isithembu, nakuba sivunyelwe, sasilawulwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulunga. Amadoda kwakudingeka aphathe bonke abafazi bawo ngobulungisa, futhi uma ayengakwazi ukwenza kanjalo, ayelulekwa ukuba ashade nomfazi oyedwa kuphela ( Surah AnNisa, 4:3.

Amalungelo Efa

Olunye ushintsho lwaba sendaweni yefa. Ngaphambi kweIslam, abesifazane ngokuvamile babengabandakanywa ekuzuzeni impahla. Nokho, iKur’an yanikeza abesifazane amalungelo athile efa, iqinisekisa ukuthi bathola ingxenye yengcebo yomndeni wabo (Surah AnNisa, 4:712.

Lezi zinguquko azithuthukisanga nje kuphela isimo senhlalo sabesifazane kodwa futhi zabahlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okukhulu kwezomnotho nokuzimela.

4. UBulungiswa Nezinguquko Zomthetho

Isikhathi seMedina siphinde sabona ukusungulwa kwesistimu yezomthetho esekelwe ezimisweni zamaSulumane. UmProfethi uMuhammad (PBUH) wasebenza njengomholi womoya kanye nowezepolitiki, ephatha ubulungisa futhi exazulula izingxabano ngokuhambisana neQur’an kanye nezimfundiso zakhe.

Enye yezici eziguquguquka kakhulu ohlelweni lwezomthetho lwamaSulumane kwakuwumgomo wokulingana ngaphambi komthetho. Emphakathini wamaArabia wangaphambi kobuSulumane, ubulungiswa bebuvame ukuchema buvuna abacebile nabanamandla. IIslam, nokho, yagcizelela ukuthi bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki isimo sabo senhlalo, bayalingana emehlweni kaNkulunkulu futhi bangaphansi kwemithetho efanayo.

UmProfethi uMuhammad wabonisa lesi simiso ezikhathini ezimbalwa. Isibonelo esisodwa esidumile yilapho owesifazane ohlonishwayo wesizwe samaQuraysh ebanjwa eyeba, futhi abanye abantu basikisela ukuthi kufanele angajeziswa ngenxa yesikhundla sakhe. UMprofethi waphendula:

Abantu bangaphambi kwakho babhujiswa ngoba babejezisa abampofu futhi bethethelela abacebile. NgaLowo umphefumulo wami usesandleni sakhe! Ukuba uFatima, indodakazi kaMuhammad, ubeyoba, ngabe isandla sakhe sinqunywe.

Lokhu kuzibophezela kwezobulungiswa, ngaphandle kokunaka isimo somuntu emphakathini, kwakuyisici esibalulekile sohlaka lwezenhlalo nezomthetho olwasungulwa eMedina.

Nakuba umthetho wamaSulumane wawuhlanganisa nezijeziso zamacala athile, wawuphinde ugcizelele ukubaluleka kwesihe nokuthethelela. IQur’an kanye nezimfundiso zomProfethi zazikhuthaza abantu ukuthi bathethelele abanye futhi bafune ukubuyisana kunokuba baphendukele ekuphindiseleni.

Umqondo weTawbah(ukuphenduka) wawuwumgogodla futhi ohlelweni lwezomthetho lwamaSulumane, uhlinzeka abantu ngabanye ithuba lokucela intethelelo kuNkulunkulu ngezono zabo kanye nokulungisa.

5. Iqhaza Lenkolo Ekubumbeni Impilo Yomphakathi eMedina

Inkolo ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekubumbeni ukuguquguquka komphakathi waseMedina ngesikhathi soMprofethi uMuhammad. Izimfundiso zamaSulumane, ezithathwe kuyiQuran kanye neSunnah (imikhuba namazwi oMprofethi), zaba izimiso eziqondisayo kubantu, imindeni, kanye nemiphakathi, zithonya yonke into kusukela ekuziphatheni komuntu kuya ezinkambisweni zomphakathi. Ubuholi bomProfethi eMedina bakhombisa ukuthi inkolo ingaba yisisekelo kanjani sokwakha umphakathi obumbene futhi onobulungiswa.

EMedina, ukugubha inkolo kwaba ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila kwansuku zonke. Imithandazo emihlanu yansuku zonke (iSalah), ukuzila ukudla phakathi neRamadan, zakat (inhlangano esiza abantulayo), kanye neminye imisebenzi yenkolo kwakungezona nje izibopho ezingokomoya kodwa futhi kwakuyisihluthulelo sokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi kanye nesiyalo phakathi komphakathi.

Salah (Umthandazo)

Isikhungo seSalah, esiqhutshwa kahlanu ngosuku, sidale umuzwa wobumbano nokulingana phakathi kwabantu bamaSulumane. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucebile noma umpofu, omncane noma omdala, wonke amaSulumane ahlangana emasontweni ukuze athandaze, eqinisa umqondo wokukhulekela komphakathi kanye nokunciphisa izithiyo zomphakathi. EMedina, imosque yaba okungaphezu nje kwendawo yokukhulekela; kwakuyisizinda senhlalo, imfundo, nezombusazwe. IThe Prophet's Mosquein Medina yasebenza njengesikhungo somphakathi, ihlinzeka ngendawo lapho abantu bengafunda khona, bashintshane ngemibono, futhi bathole isiqondiso.

Ukuzila ukudla neRamadan

Ukuzila ukudla ngesikhathi seRamadan kwathuthukisa nakakhulu umuzwa wobunye nobubele kubantu baseMedina. Ukuzila ukudla kusukela ekuntweleni kokusa kuya ekushoneni kwelanga, amaSulumane abhekana nendlala nokoma okuzwiwa abantu abampofu, okukhuthaza umoya wokuzwelana nobumbano. Kwakuyisikhathi sokuzindla, sokuthandaza, nokupha abampofu. Ngesikhathi seRamadan, izenzo zokupha zanda, futhi ukudla okuhlangene kweiftar (ukuqeda inzilo) kwahlanganisa abantu, kwaqinisa izibopho phakathi komphakathi.

Izimfundiso zeIslam zagcizelela kakhulu ukuziphatha okuhle, ukulunga, nobuqotho kuzo zonke izici zokuphila. IQuran neHadith inikeze isiqondiso ngokuziphatha okuhle, ikhuthaza amakholwa ukuthi abe nobulungiswa, iqiniso, ububele, nokuphana.

Ubulungisa Nobulungiswa

EMedina, ubulungisa bekuyinto ebalulekile emphakathini. Amavesi eQuranic ayegcizelela ukulunga nokungakhethi alolonge uhlaka lwezomthetho nezenhlalo zedolobha. IQuran ithi:

O nina enikholiwe, qhubekani nime niqinile ekulungeni, ningofakazi bakaAllah, noma ngabe nimelene nani noma abazali nezihlobo. Noma ngabe umuntu ucebile noma umpofu, uAllah Ufaneleka kakhulu kukho kokubili. (Surah AnNisa, 4:135)

Leli vesi, kanye namanye, layala amaSulumane aseMedina ukuthi agcine ubulungiswa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izithakazelo zomuntu siqu noma ubudlelwano. Umprofethi uMuhammad wayevame ukukhumbuza umphakathi ngokubaluleka kokungachemi ekuxazululeni izingxabano, kungaba phakathi kwamaSulumane akanye nawo noma phakathi kwamaSulumane nabangewona amaMuslim. Ukugcizelelwa kobulungiswa kwakhuthaza ukuzwana komphakathi futhi kwanqanda ukukhetha, ukuchema, nenkohlakalo.

Ubuzalwane Nobunye

Izimfundiso zamaSulumane zakhuthaza amaSulumane ukuthi akhuthaze ubunye nobuzalwane. Enye yezimpumelelo eziphawuleka kakhulu zenkathi yeMedina kwaba ukwakhiwa komphakathi obumbene, naphezu kokuhlukahluka kwesizinda, isizwe, kanye nobuhlanga. IQuran iyagcizelela:

Futhi bambelelani niqinise entanjeni kaAllah nonke ndawonye futhi ningahlukani. (Surah AlImran, 3:103)

Leli vesi libonise ukugcizelelwa kobunye nokubambisana. Ukucwasa ngokwezizwe, okwakuwumthombo omkhulu wezingxabano ngaphambi kokufika koMprofethi eMedina, kwadangele, futhi amaSulumane akhuthazwa ukuba azibone eyingxenye yobuzalwane obukhulu, obusekelwe enkolweni. Ubumbano lomphakathi wamaSulumane (Ummah) lwaba yinani eliwumongo elahola ukusebenzelana komphakathi kanye nemifelandawonye yezepolitiki eMedina.

Indlela yoMphrofethi uMuhammad yokuxazulula izingxabano kanye nokuthula yadlala indima enkulu esithombeni somphakathi saseMedina. Ubuholi nobuhlakani bakhe ekusingatheni izingxabano, phakathi komphakathi wamaSulumane kanye nabangewona amaSulumane, kwakubalulekile ekugcineni ukuthula edolobheni elalikade ligcwele izingxabano zezizwe.

UmProfethi njengoMlamuleli

Ngaphambi kokufika kwakhe eMedina, izizwe zamaAws kanye namaKhazraj zazibambene isikhathi eside nemibango yegazi. Ekufudukeni kwakhe, uMprofethi uMuhammad (PBUH) wemukelwa yizizwe zaseMedina, hhayi nje njengomholi womoya kodwa futhi njengomlamuli onekhono. Ikhono lakhe lokuhlanganisa amaqembu aphikisanayo kanye nokuxoxisana ngokuthula laliwumgogodla wokusungulwa komphakathi ozinzile nonobunye.

Indima yomProfethi njengomlamuleli yadlulela ngalé komphakathi wamaSulumane. Wayevame ukubizwa ukuba axazulule izingxabano phakathi kwezizwe zamaJuda namaArab, aqinisekise ukuthi ubulungisa benziwa ngokungakhethi. Imizamo yakhe yokudala ukuthula yabeka isisekelok ukuhlalisana ngokuthula kwamaqembu ahlukene eMedina, ukusiza ukusungula umphakathi wezinkolo eziningi osekelwe ekuhloniphaneni nasekubambisaneni.

ISivumelwano SeHudaybiyyah: Imodeli Yezokusebenza Kwezokuxhumana

Isibonelo esabekwa umPhrofethi ekukhuthazeni ukuxoxisana, ukuvumelana, kanye nokuthula sazwakala ngaphakathi kwenkundla yezenhlalo yaseMadina, lapho imigomo yobulungisa nokubuyisana yaziswa kakhulu.

6. Abesifazane Esikhathini SeMedina: Indima Entsha Yomphakathi

Enye yezinto eziguqule kakhulu esikhathini saseMedina kwaba wushintsho esimweni senhlalo nendima yabantu besifazane. Ngaphambi kokufika kweIslam, abesifazane emphakathini waseArabia babenamalungelo alinganiselwe futhi ngokuvamile babephathwa njengempahla. Izimfundiso zeIslam, njengoba zaqalwa nguMprofethi uMuhammad eMedina, zayiguqula ngokuphawulekayo le ndlela eguquguqukayo, enikeza abesifazane isimo sesithunzi, samalungelo angokomthetho, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi okwakungakaze kubonwe esifundeni.

IIslam yethula izinguquko ezibalulekile endaweni yamalungelo abantu besifazane, ikakhulukazi mayelana nefa, umshado, nokuzimela kwezomnotho. IQuran inikeze ngokusobala abesifazane ilungelo lokuba ngabanikazi bempahla futhi bathole ifa, into eyayingavamile esikweni lamaArabiya langaphambi kweIslamic.

Imithetho Yefa

Isambulo seQuran mayelana nefa saqinisekisa ukuthi abesifazane banesabelo esiqinisekisiwe sengcebo yomndeni wabo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amadodakazi, abafazi, noma omama. IQuran ithi:

Okwabesilisa kuyisabelo salokho okushiyelwa abazali nezihlobo eziseduze, futhi kwabesifazane kuyisabelo salokho okushiyelwa abazali nezihlobo eziseduze, kuncane noma kuningiisabelo esingokomthetho. ( Surah AnNisa, 4:7 )

Leli vesi kanye namanye abeka uhlaka oluthile lwefa, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abesifazane ngeke besakwazi ukukhishwa engcebweni yemindeni yabo. Ilungelo lokuthola ifa lempahla linikeze abesifazane ukuphepha kwezomnotho kanye nokuzimela.

Umshado Nelobolo

Olunye uguquko olubalulekile lwalumayelana nomshado. EArabia yangaphambi kweIslamic, abesifazane babevame ukuphathwa njengempahla, futhi imvume yabo yayingadingeki ukuze bashade. IIslam, nokho, yenza imvume yazo zombili izinhlangothi yaba imfuneko yomshado osemthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhuba wemahr(idowry) wasungulwa, lapho umkhwenyana kufanele anikeze umakoti isipho semali. Leli lobolo lalingelokusetshenziswa lona wesifazane futhi lalingeke liphucwe yena.

Amalungelo Esehlukaniso

Abesifazane baphinde banikezwa ilungelo lokufuna isehlukaniso ezimeni lapho umshado ungabekezeleleki. Nakuba isehlukaniso sasidangele, sasinganqatshelwe, futhi abesifazane babenikezwa izindlela ezingokomthetho zokuwuchitha umshado uma kudingekile. Lokhu kwakuwukusuka okuphawulekayo emasikweni angaphambi kweIslamic, lapho abesifazane babengakwazi ukulawula isimo sabo somshado.

Ukugcizelela kweIslam olwazini nasemfundweni kunabela kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane. Izimfundiso zoMprofethi uMuhammad zakhuthaza abesifazane ukuba bafune ulwazi, futhi wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi ukuphishekela imfundo akunqunyelwe ubulili. Esinye sezazi zabesifazane ezazidume kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi kwakunguAisha bint Abu Bakr, omunye wamakhosikazi omProfethi, owaba negunya kuHadith kanye nomthetho wamaSulumane. Izimfundiso kanye nokuqonda kwakhe kwakufunwa abesilisa nabesifazane, futhi wabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekulondolozeni izincwadi zeHadith.

Ukugqugquzeleka koMphrofethi ngemfundo yabesifazane kwaba wushintsho olukhulu emphakathini lapho abesifazane ngokwesiko babevalelwa ngaphandle ekufundeni okusemthethweni. EMedina, abesifazane babengavunyelwe nje kuphela kodwa bakhuthazwa ukuba bahlanganyele enkulumweni yenkolo neyobuhlakani. Lokhu kunikezwa amandla ngemfundo kwakuyisici esibalulekile ekuphakameni komphakathi kwabesifazane ngesikhathi seMedina.

Izinguquko ezethulwe yiIslam ziphinde zavulela abesifazane ithuba lokubamba iqhaza ngokukhulu ukuzimisela empilweni yezenhlalo nepolitiki. EMedina, abesifazane babehileleke ezicini ezihlukahlukene zempilo yomphakathi, okuhlanganisa ezenkolo, ezenhlalo, kanye nezombusazwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezenkolo

Abesifazane babevame ukubamba iqhaza emosque, behambela imithandazo, ezifundweni zezenkolo, kanye nemibuthano yokufundisa. UmProfethi uMuhammad ukugcizelele ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa abesifazane empilweni yezenkolo, futhi amamosque aseMedina ayizindawo ezivulekile lapho amadoda nabesifazane babengakhonza khona futhi bafunde ndawonye.

Imisebenzi Yomphakathi kanye Neyokusiza Abampofu

Abesifazane baseMedina nabo badlale indima ebalulekile ekusizeni umphakathiimisebenzi. Babengabambiqhaza abakhuthele ekusizeni abampofu, ekunakekeleni abagulayo, nasekusekeleni izidingo zomphakathi. Le misebenzi yayingagcini emkhakheni wangasese; abesifazane babengabahlanganyeli ababonakalayo enhlalakahleni yomphakathi waseMedina.

Ukuzibandakanya Kwezepolitiki

Abesifazane baseMedina nabo babezibandakanya nepolitiki. Babamba iqhaza eSithembiso saseAqabah, lapho abesifazane benza isifungo sokwethembeka kuMprofethi uMuhammad. Lesi senzo sezombangazwe sasibalulekile, njengoba sabonisa ukuthi abesifazane babebonwa njengamalungu abalulekile oMphakathi WamaSulumane, nenhlangano yabo kanye neqhaza labo ekubuseni komphakathi.

7. Imiphakathi Okungeyona YamaSulumane eMedina: Ubuningi Nokuhlalisana

Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zenkathi yeMedina kwakuwukuphila ndawonye kwamaSulumane nabangewona amaSulumane ngaphakathi kwedolobha elifanayo. Umthethosisekelo waseMedina uhlinzeke ngohlaka lokuhlalisana ngokuthula kwemiphakathi yezenkolo eyahlukene, okuhlanganisa izizwe zamaJuda kanye namanye amaqembu angewona amaMuslim. Lesi sikhathi siphawule isibonelo sakuqala sobuningi bezenkolo emphakathini obuswa izimiso zamaSulumane.

Ngaphambi kokufika koMphrofethi uMuhammad eMedina, leli dolobha beliyikhaya lezizwe ezimbalwa zamaJuda, okubalwa amaBanu Qaynuqa, amaBanu Nadir, namaQurayza. Lezi zizwe zabamba iqhaza elibalulekile emnothweni wedolobha kanye nempilo yezepolitiki. Umthethosisekelo waseMedina wabanikeza inkululeko yokusebenzisa inkolo yabo nokuphatha izindaba zabo zangaphakathi ngokuzimela, inqobo nje uma begcina imibandela yomthethosisekelo futhi befaka isandla ekuvikeleni idolobha.

Ubudlelwano boMprofethi nezizwe zamaJuda ekuqaleni babusekelwe ekuhloniphaneni nasekubambisaneni. Izizwe zamaJuda zazibhekwa njengengxenye yomphakathi omkhulu wamaMedina, futhi kwakulindeleke ukuba zinikele ekuvikelekeni komuzi futhi zisekele izivumelwano zokuthula ezibekwe kumthethosisekelo.

Umthethosisekelo waseMedina kanye nobuholi boMprofethi bakha umphakathi lapho ukuxoxisana nokubambisana phakathi kwemiphakathi yezenkolo eyahlukene kwakukhuthazwa khona. IIslam yagcizelela ukuhlonishwa kwabantu Bencwadi (amaJuda namaKrestu), ivuma ifa lenkolo elihlanganyelwe kanye nezindinganiso ezifanayo phakathi kwezinkolo zikaAbrahama.

Futhi ningaphikisani nabantu beNcwadi ngaphandle kwendlela engcono kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalabo abenza ukungalungi phakathi kwabo, nithi: 'Sikholelwa kulokho okwembulwe kithi futhi kwembulwe kini. Futhi uNkulunkulu wethu noNkulunkulu wenu munye, futhi thina singamaSulumane [ngokuzithoba] Kuye.’” ( Surah AlAnkabut, 29:46 )

Leli vesi likhombisa umoya wokubekezelelana nokuqonda owakha ubudlelwano bezinkolo ezahlukene eMadina ngesikhathi somphrofethi. AmaJuda, amaKristu, kanye nabanye abangewona amaMuslim banikezwa inkululeko yokukhulekela nokugcina imikhuba yabo yamasiko, okwaba nesandla esimweni sobuningi bomphakathi waseMedina.

Naphezu kokubambisana kwasekuqaleni, ukungezwani kwavela phakathi komphakathi wamaSulumane nezinye izizwe zamaJuda zaseMedina, ikakhulukazi lapho izizwe ezithile zephula imigomo yomthethosisekelo ngokwenza uzungu nezitha zangaphandle zamaMuslim. Lezi zingxabano ekugcineni zaholela ezimpini nasekuxoshweni kwezinye izizwe zamaJuda eMedina. Kodwake, lezi zehlakalo zaziqondene ngqo nokwephulwa komthethosisekelo futhi zazingabonisi inqubomgomo ebanzi yokukhipha inyumbazane noma ukucwasa amaJuda noma eminye imiphakathi engewona amaMuslim.

Uhlaka lulonke loMthethosisekelo waseMedina lwahlala luyisibonelo sasekuqaleni esibalulekile sokuthi umphakathi wamaMuslim amaningi ungamukela kanjani ubuningi bezenkolo nokuhlala ndawonye ngokuthula.

8. Ukwakheka Kwenhlalonhle Yezepolitiki yaseMedina: Ukubusa Nokuphatha

Ukubusa kweMedina ngaphansi koMprofethi uMuhammad kumelele ukuchezuka ebuholini bendabuko bendabuko baseArabia, esikhundleni sako kwafakwa uhlelo lwenhlalonhlepolitiki oluhlelekile futhi olubandakanya wonke umuntu. Lolu hlelo lwalusekelwe emigomeni yezobulungiswa, ukubonisana ( shura ), kanye nenhlalakahle yomphakathi wonke, kwasungula ipulani yokuphatha yamaSulumane ezoba nomthelela emibusweni yesikhathi esizayo yamaSulumane kanye nempucuko.

Ubuholi boMprofethi uMuhammad eMedina babungokomoya kanye nepolitiki. Ngokungafani nababusi bemibuso engomakhelwane, ababevame ukubusa ngamandla aphelele, ubuholi bomProfethi babusekelwe ohlakeni lokuziphatha nokuziphatha olunikezwa yiQuran kanye neSunnah (isibonelo. Indlela yakhe yobuholi yayigcizelela ukwakhiwa kokuvumelana, ukubonisana, kanye nobulungiswa, okwasiza ekwakheni umuzwa wobunye nokwethembana phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukahlukene eMedina.

Umprofethi Njengomholi Wezenkolo

NjengesiThunywa sikaNkulunkulu, uMprofethi uMuhammad wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqondisa umphakathi wamaMuslim emisebenzini nasezimfundisweni zenkolo. Lobu buholi bukamoya bebubalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho bokuziphatha kwecommubumbano kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubomgomo zezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, nezomnotho zihambisana nezimiso zamaSulumane. Indima yakhe njengomholi wezenkolo yadlulela ekuchazeni izambulo zeQuranic kanye nokunikeza isiqondiso kuzo zonke izici zempilo, kusukela ekukhulekeleni kuya ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwabantu.

Umphrofethi Njengomholi Wezombangazwe

Ngokwezombangazwe, uMprofethi uMuhammad wasebenza njengenhloko yezwe, enesibopho sokugcina umthetho nokuhleleka, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokuvikela iMadina ezinsongweni zangaphandle. Umthethosisekelo waseMedina wenza ngokusemthethweni le ndima, wamnika igunya lokwahlulela phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene ngaphakathi kwedolobha. Izinqumo zakhe zazisekelwe ezimisweni zeQuranic kanye nomqondo wobulungiswa, okwakuwumgogodla wobuholi bakhe. Le ndima ekabili—kokubili ezenkolo nezepolitiki—yamvumela ukuthi ahlanganise igunya likamoya kanye nelesikhashana, aqinisekise ukuthi ukubusa kweMedina kwakugxile kakhulu ezimisweni zamaSulumane.

Umqondo weshura(ukubonisana) ubuyisici esibalulekile sohlaka lokubusa eMedina. IShura isho umkhuba wokubonisana namalungu omphakathi, ikakhulukazi lawo anolwazi nolwazi, ngaphambi kokuthatha izinqumo ezibalulekile. Lesi simiso safakwa kuQur'an:

Futhi labo abaphendule inkosi yabo futhi bamisa umthandazo futhi indaba yabo [inqunywa] ngokubonisana phakathi kwabo. (Surah AshShura, 42:38)

Shura wayeqashwe ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa isu lezempi, inqubomgomo yomphakathi, nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. UmProfethi wayehlala exoxisana nabangane bakhe ezindabeni ezibalulekile, ekhombisa ukuzibophezela kwakhe ekuthatheni izinqumo ezibandakanya wonke umuntu. Le ndlela yokwenza ayizange ikhuthaze ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kuphela kodwa futhi yakhuthaza umuzwa wokuba nesibopho esihlangene enhlalakahleni yeUmmah (umphakathi wamaSulumane.

Isibonelo, ngesikhathi seMpi YaseUhud, umProfethi waxoxisana nabangane bakhe mayelana nokuvikela idolobha ngaphakathi kwezindonga zawo noma bahlanganyele nesitha empini esobala. Nakuba ayethanda ukuhlala ngaphakathi kwedolobha, umbono weningi kwakuwukuphuma ayobhekana nebutho lamaQuraysh endaweni evulekile. UmPhrofethi wasihlonipha lesi sinqumo, ekhombisa ukuzibophezela kwakhe esimisweni sokubonisana, noma ngabe sasingahambisani nemibono yakhe.

Ubulungiswa bekungenye yezinsika ezimaphakathi zohlelo lokubusa lwamaSulumane eMedina. Ukuphatha kukaMprofethi uMuhammad kugxile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ubulungiswa bufinyeleleka kubo bonke, kungakhathaliseki isimo senhlalo, ingcebo, noma uhlanga lwesizwe. Lokhu bekuwumehluko omkhulu ohlelweni lwaseArabia lwangaphambi kobuSulumane, lapho ubulungisa babuvame ukuchema ngenxa yezizwe noma abantu abanamandla.

Isistimu yeQadi (Yokwahlulela)

Inqubo yokwahlulela eMedina ngaphansi koMprofethi yayisekelwe emigomeni yeQuran kanye neSunnah. UmProfethi ngokwakhe wasebenza njengejaji elikhulu, exazulula izingxabano futhi eqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungiswa buyenzeka. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lapho umphakathi wamaSulumane ukhula, waqoka abantu abathile ukuba benze amaaqadi (amajaji) ukusiza ukuphatha ubulungiswa ngokuhambisana nomthetho wamaSulumane. La majaji akhethwa ngokusekelwe olwazini lwawo lwezimfundiso zamaSulumane, ubuqotho bawo, nekhono lawo lokwahlulela ngendlela efanele.

Indlela yomProfethi kwezobulungiswa yayigcizelela ukulunga nokungakhethi. Esinye isenzakalo esidumile sihilela owesifazane womkhaya ovelele owabanjwa eba. Abanye abantu basikisela ukuthi angajeziswa ngenxa yesikhundla sakhe esiphakeme. Impendulo yoMprofethi yayicacile:

Abantu bangaphambi kwakho babhujiswa ngoba babejezisa abampofu futhi bethethelela abacebile. NgaLowo umphefumulo wami usesandleni sakhe! Ukuba uFatima, indodakazi kaMuhammad, ubeyoba, ngabe isandla sakhe sinqunywe.

Lesi sitatimende sibonisa ukuzibophezela kwezobulungiswa ekubuseni kweIslamic, lapho umthetho usebenza ngokulinganayo kubo bonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banjani emphakathini. Le ndlela yokulinganisa yobulungiswa yasiza ukukhuthaza ukwethenjwa ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa futhi yaba negalelo ekuzinzeni kweMedina.

Esinye sezici ezichazayo zenkathi yeMedina kwakuwukugcizelela inhlalakahle yomphakathi kanye nokuzibophezela komphakathi. IQuran nezimfundiso zoMprofethi zabeka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekunakekelweni kwabaswele, ukuvikelwa kwabasengozini, kanye nokwabiwa kwengcebo ngokulinganayo. Lokhu kugxila kubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kwakuwuphawu lokubusa kwamaSulumane eMedina.

Zakat kanye neSadaqah (Isisa)

IZakat, enye yezinsika ezinhlanu zeIslam, yasungulwa ngesikhathi seMedina njengohlobo oluyimpoqo lwenhlangano yokupha. Wonke amaSulumane ayenemali kwakudingeka anikeze ingxenye yengcebo yawo (imvamisa engu2.5% yokonga) kulabo abaswele. IZakat yayingeyona nje isibopho senkolo kuphela kodwa futhi yayiyinqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle eyayihlose ukunciphisa ubumpofu, ukukhuthaza ukulingana kwezomnotho, kanye nokukhuthaza umuzwa wokuba nesibopho somphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwezakat, amaSulumane akhuthazwa ukuba anikele ngomnikelo wokuzithandela ukuze asekele abampofu, izintandane, abafelokazi kanye nabahambi. Ukugcizelelwa ekunikeleni ngosizo kwasiza ekwakheni isiko lokuphana nokwesekana, okwakubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi akekho noyedwa emphakathini osala engenazo izindlela zokuphila.

Ingqalasizinda Yomphakathi Nezinsizakalo

Abaphathi beMedina baphinde bathatha isibopho sokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yomphakathi kanye nezinsizakalo. UMprofethi uMuhammad ugcizelele ukubaluleka kwenhlanzeko, ukuthuthwa kwendle, kanye nempilo yomphakathi, ekhuthaza umphakathi ukuthi unakekele indawo yawo futhi uqinisekise ukuthi idolobha lihlala lihlanzekile futhi lihlala abantu. Amamosque abengagcini nje ngokuba yizindawo zokukhulekela kodwa futhi abe yizikhungo zemfundo, izinkonzo zomphakathi kanye nemibuthano yomphakathi.

Inhlalakahle yomphakathi yadlulela nasekunakekelweni kwemvelo. UMprofethi uMuhammad wakhuthaza ukongiwa kwezinsiza kanye nokuvikelwa kwezindawo zemvelo. Izimfundiso zakhe zazikhuthaza amaSulumane ukuba aphathe izilwane ngomusa futhi agweme ukumosha, ebonisa indlela ephelele yokubusa eyayingahlanganisi nje inhlalakahle yabantu kodwa nokuphathwa kwemvelo.

Ukubusa kweMedina ngesikhathi somPhrofethi nakho kwakudinga ukuhlelwa kohlelo lokuvikela ukuvikela idolobha ezinsongweni zangaphandle. Umphakathi wakuqala wamaSulumane wabhekana nenzondo enkulu evela kumaQuraysh aseMecca, kanye nezinye izizwe namaqembu ayemelene nokusabalala kweIslam. Ephendula, uMprofethi uMuhammad wasungula uhlelo lwezempi olwaluhlelekile futhi olunokuziphatha okuhle, olunemithetho ecacile yokusebenzelana ehambisana nezimiso zamaSulumane zobulungisa nobubele.

Imithetho Yokuthembisana

IQur'an nezimfundiso zomProfethi zagcizelela ukuthi impi kwakufanele yenziwe kuphela ukuze bazivikele nokuthi izakhamuzi, abangalwi, abesifazane, izingane kanye nabantu abadala kufanele bavikelwe. Umphrofethi uMuhammad waveza imithetho ethile yokuziphatha ngesikhathi sezimpi, eyayivimbela ukubulawa kwabantu abangamasosha, ukucekelwa phansi kwezitshalo nempahla, kanye nokuphathwa kabi kweziboshwa zempi.

Umgomo wokulinganisa empini nawo wagcizelelwa, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi noma iyiphi impendulo yezempi yayifanele izinga lokusongela. Le ndlela yokuziphatha ezimpini yasiza ekuhlukaniseni amasosha amaSulumane namaqhinga avame ukuba nonya futhi angabandlululi ezinye izizwe nemibuso esifundeni.

Impi YaseBadr kanye Nokuzivikela KwaseMadina

Okunye ukuzibandakanya kwezempi okubaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi seMedina kwakuyiMpi yaseBadrin 624 CE. AmaKureshi aseMecca, efuna ukucekela phansi umphakathi wamaMuslim osafufusa, athumela ibutho elikhulu ukuba liyobhekana namaMuslim eduze kwemithombo yaseBadr. Naphezu kokuba ayemaningi kakhulu, amabutho amaSulumane azuza ukunqoba okubalulekile, okwabonwa njengophawu lwaphezulu lomusa kaNkulunkulu futhi kwaqinisa ukuziphatha komphakathi wamaSulumane.

Lokhu kunqoba kuphinde kwaqinisa ubuholi boMprofethi uMuhammad futhi kwasungula iMedina njengezwe ledolobha elinamandla nelinobunye. IBattle of Badr yaphawula inkathi yenguquko engxabanweni yamaSulumane namaQuraysh, yashintsha ibhalansi yamandla yavuna amaSulumane.

Ukuvikela iMedina kanye nesu elibanzi lokuvikela umphakathi wamaSulumane kwaba yinto esemqoka ebuholini boMprofethi. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, waqhubeka nokuhola imikhankaso yezempi, kodwa njalo ngenjongo yokusungula ukuthula, ukuvikeleka, kanye nobulungiswa kuUmmah wamaSulumane.

9. Isakhiwo Somnotho Nohwebo eMedina

Ukuguqulwa komnotho waseMadina ngesikhathi soMprofethi uMuhammad kwaba esinye isici esibalulekile sesithombe senhlalo yalesi sikhathi. Umnotho waleli dolobha usuke ekubeni ikakhulukazi wezolimo kanye nowezizwe waya ekuhlukanisekeni, kugxilwe kwezokuhwebelana, ezentengiselwano kanye nezinqubo zebhizinisi ezilungile. Imigomo yezomnotho yeIslam, njengoba ibekwe kuQuran kanye neSunnah, iqondise ukuthuthukiswa kwalolu hlelo olusha lwezomnotho.

Ngaphambi kokufika kweIslam, umnotho waseMedina wawusekelwe kakhulu kwezolimo. Indawo evundile ezungeze idolobha yayisekela ukutshalwa kwezinsuku, okusanhlamvu, nezinye izitshalo, kuyilapho indawo evundile ezungezile yayinikeza amanzi amaningi okunisela. Izizwe zamaJuda, ikakhulukazi, zazaziwa ngobungcweti bazo kwezolimo futhi zinendima enkulu emnothweni wedolobha.

Ngaphansi kobuholi boMprofethi uMuhammad, ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo kwaqhubeka nokuba yingxenye ebalulekile yomnotho, kodwa kwaba nezinguquko eziqinisekisa ubulungisa nokusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kwezinsiza. Ubunikazi bomhlaba babulawulwa, futhi ukuqoqwa komhlaba ngokweqile kwabantu abambalwa noma izizwe ezimbalwa kwakwenqatshwa. Ngokuhambisana nokugcizelela kweIslamic kwezobulungiswa, amalungelo abasebenzi nezisebenzi ayevikelwe, futhi ukuxhashazwa ezinkontilekeni zezolimo kwakungavunyelwe.

Indawo ekahle yeMedina emizileni yokuhweba exhumekileIArabia, iLevant, neYemen yayenza yaba isikhungo esibalulekile kwezohwebo. Umnotho wedolobha wawuchuma kwezohwebo, abathengisi nabahwebi bedlala indima ebalulekile ekusatshalalisweni kwempahla nengcebo. UmProfethi uMuhammad ngokwakhe wayekade engumthengisi ophumelelayo ngaphambi kokuthola ubuprofethi, futhi izimfundiso zakhe zazigcizelela ukubaluleka kokwethembeka nokuziphatha okuhle kwezohwebo.

Imikhuba Yokuhweba Elungile

Izimiso zamaSulumane zezohwebo nezohwebo, njengoba zasungulwa ngesikhathi seMedina, zazisekelwe ekungenzeleli, ukwenza izinto obala, kanye nokuvumelana. IQuran ikwenqabela ngokusobala ukukopela, ukukhohlisa, nokuxhashazwa kwezohwebo:

Nikeza isilinganiso esigcwele futhi ungabi phakathi kwalabo abangela ukulahlekelwa. Futhi ukale ngebhalansi elinganayo. ( Surah AshShu'ara, 26:181182)

Abathengisi bekulindeleke ukuba banikeze izisindo nezilinganiso ezinembile, babe neqiniso ekusebenzelaneni kwabo, futhi bagweme imikhuba yokukhwabanisa. Ukwenqatshelwa kweofriba(usury) bekubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuhwebelana nezezimali kwenziwa ngendlela elungile. Ukubolekwa kwemali okusekelwe kwinzalo, okwakuvamile eArabia yangaphambi kobuSulumane, kwanqanyulwa, njengoba kwakubhekwa njengokuxhaphaza nokulimaza abampofu.

Izimfundiso zomProfethi kwezohwebo zakhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwendawo yemakethe enobulungiswa futhi enezimiso zokuziphatha, lapho abathengi nabathengisi bengenza ibhizinisi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukukhohliswa noma ukuxhashazwa. Lolu hlaka lwezimiso zokuziphatha lube negalelo ekuchumeni kweMedina futhi luyenze indawo ekhangayo kubathengisi abavela ezifundeni ezizungezile.

Ukulawulwa Kwemakethe

Ukusungulwa kwezimakethe ezilawulwayo bekungesinye isici esibalulekile sohlelo lwezomnotho eMedina. Umphrofethi uMuhammad waqoka umhloli wemakethe, owaziwa ngelikathemuhtasib, indima yakhe kwakuwukwengamela ukuhwebelana kwezimakethe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abahwebi balandela izimiso zamaSulumane, nokubhekana nanoma yiziphi izikhalo noma izingxabano. Imuhtasib iphinde yaqinisekisa ukuthi amanani entengo ayelungile nokuthi imikhuba yokubusa umuntu oyedwa ayikhuthazwa.

Lokhu kulawulwa kwendawo yemakethe kusize ukugcina ukuzinza kwezomnotho nokukhuthaza ukwethembana phakathi kwabathengisi nabathengi. Ukugcizelelwa kwezinqubo zebhizinisi ezilungile kwakha indawo yezohwebo echumayo ebambe iqhaza enhlalakahleni yonkana yomphakathi.

Uhlelo lwezomnotho eMedina lwalungagxilile kuphela enzuzweni nasekuqoqweni komcebo. Ukuzibophezela komphakathi kanye nokusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo kwezinsiza bekuyingqikithi yohlaka lwezomnotho lwamaSulumane. Abaphathi boMprofethi uMuhammad bakhuthaza ukwabiwa kwengcebo ngezakat, izinhlangano ezisiza abampofu, kanye nokusekelwa kwamaphrojekthi omphakathi azuzisa umphakathi wonkana.

IZakat Nokusatshalaliswa Kwengcebo

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izakat (inhlangano esiza abantulayo eyisibopho) yayiyinsika ebalulekile yeIslam futhi yasebenza njengethuluzi elibalulekile lezomnotho lokwabiwa kabusha kwengcebo. Abantu abacebile kwakudingeka banikele ngengxenye yengcebo yabo ukuze bondle abampofu, izintandane, abafelokazi, namanye amalungu omphakathi asengozini. Lolu hlelo lwezakat lwaqinisekisa ukuthi ingcebo ayigxili ezandleni zabambalwa nokuthi izidingo eziyisisekelo zawo wonke amalungu omphakathi ziyahlangatshezwa.

Izimiso zezakat zidlulele ngale kweminikelo elula; babeyingxenye yombono obanzi wobulungiswa bezomnotho kanye nokulingana kwezenhlalo. Umphrofethi uMuhammad wagcizelela ukuthi ingcebo iyisipho esivela kuNkulunkulu, futhi labo ababusiswe ngengcebo banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuyisebenzisela ukuthuthukisa umphakathi.

Usekelo lwabasengcupheni

Ukuphatha koMprofethi uMuhammad nakho kwabeka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekwesekeni amalungu omphakathi asengozini, okuhlanganisa abampofu, izintandane, nabafelokazi. Izimfundiso zamaSulumane zazikhuthaza umphakathi ukuthi unakekele abaswele futhi unikeze usizo ngaphandle kokulindela ukubuyiselwa okuthile. Lo mkhuba wokuphana nokuzibophezela komphakathi wawugxile kakhulu esikweni lezomnotho laseMedina.

Isimiso sezomnotho eMedina, ngakhoke, kwakungekona nje ukukhiqiza ingcebo kodwa kwakuphathelene nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ingcebo isetshenziswa ngendlela ekhuthaza inhlalakahle yomphakathi wonke. Le ndlela elinganiselayo yezomnotho, ehlanganisa ibhizinisi ngalinye nomthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene, yasiza ekwakheni umphakathi onobulungiswa futhi onozwelo.

10. Imfundo kanye Nolwazi Esikhathini SeMedina

Isikhathi saseMedina futhi kwaba yisikhathi sokuchuma kobuhlakani nezemfundo, njengoba uMprofethi uMuhammad wagcizelela kakhulu ukuphishekela ulwazi. Izimfundiso zamaSulumane zazikhuthaza kokubili amadoda nabesifazane ukuba bafune ulwazi nokuhlakanipha, futhi imfundo yaba ingxenye eyinhloko yenkundla yezenhlalo eMedina.

Inhloso eyinhloko yemfundo eMedina kwakuyimfundo yezenkolo. IQuran yayiwumbhalo oyisisekelo wokufunda, futhi ukuphindaphinda kwayo, ukukhumbula ngekhanda, nokuhumusha kwakha umnyombo wemfundo yamaSulumane. UMprofethi uMuhammad ngokwakhe wayengumfundisi omkhulu, efundisa abangane bakhe iQuran futhi echaza nezincazelo zayo. Inkonzo yamamosqueihlelwe njengesikhungo semfundo esiyisisekelo, lapho amaSulumane ayehlangana khona ukuze afunde ngokholo lwawo.

Izifundo zeQuranic

Ukufunda iQuran kwakubhekwa njengomsebenzi wenkolo wawo wonke amaMuslim. Izifundo zeQuranic azihlanganisi nje kuphela ukukhumbula umbhalo kodwa futhi nokuqonda izincazelo zawo, izimfundiso, kanye nokusebenza kwawo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. UmPhrofethi wakhuthaza abangani bakhe ukuthi bafunde iQur'an futhi bayifundise abanye, bakhuthaze isiko lemfundo yezenkolo eMadina.

Abaningi babangane bomProfethi baba yizazi ezidumile zeQuran, futhi ulwazi lwabo lwadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ukugcizelelwa ezifundweni zeQuranic eMedina kwabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwezifundo zamaSulumane emakhulwini eminyaka alandela.

Hadith kanye neSunnah

Ngaphezu kweQur'an, izimfundiso nezinqubo zoMprofethi uMuhammad, ezaziwa ngokuthi iSunnah, zaziwumthombo obalulekile wolwazi. Abangane bomProfethi babamba ngekhanda futhi babhala amazwi nezenzo zakhe, kamuva ezaziwa ngokuthi yiHadith. Ukufundwa kweHadith kwakubalulekile ekuqondeni isiqondiso somProfethi ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila, kusukela ekukhulekeleni kuya ekuziphatheni komphakathi.

Inkathi yeMedina yabona ukuqala kwalokho okwakuzoba isiko elicebile lomfundaze weHadith. Ukulondolozwa nokudluliselwa kwezimfundiso zoMprofethi kwakubalulekile ekubumbeni umthetho wamaSulumane, imfundiso yenkolo, kanye nokuziphatha.

Nakuba imfundo yezenkolo yayiwumgogodla, ukuphishekela ulwazi lwezwe kwakhuthazwa naseMedina. Umphrofethi uMuhammad wathi ngokudumile:

Ukufuna ulwazi kuyisibopho kuwo wonke amaSulumane.

Lo myalo obanzi wawuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zolwazi oluzuzisayo, hhayi nje imfundo yezenkolo. Izimfundiso zoMprofethi zazikhuthaza ukuhlolwa kwemikhakha eyahlukene yolwazi, okuhlanganisa imithi, isayensi yezinkanyezi, ezolimo, kanye nohwebo.

Ukugcizelela kweIslamic olwazini kwabeka isisekelo sezimpumelelo zobuhlakani zempucuko yakamuva yamaIslamic, ikakhulukazi phakathi neGolden Age of Islam, lapho izifundiswa zamaSulumane zenza umnikelo obalulekile kusayensi, ezokwelapha, izibalo, nefilosofi.

Inkathi yeMedina ibiphawuleka ngokufaka kwayo abesifazane emisebenzini yemfundo. UMprofethi uMuhammad ukugcizelele ukuthi ukuphishekela ulwazi kubaluleke ngokulinganayo kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Amakhosikazi akhe, ikakhulukazi uAisha bint Abu Bakr, babengabahlanganyeli abakhuthele empilweni yobuhlakani bomphakathi. UAisha waba ngesinye seziphathimandla eziqavile kuHadith kanye nomthetho wamaSulumane, futhi izimfundiso zakhe zazifunwa abesilisa nabesifazane.

Ukubamba iqhaza kwabesifazane kwezemfundo kwaba wukusuka okukhulu emphakathini wangaphambi kobuSulumane baseArabia, lapho abesifazane babevamise ukunqatshelwa ukufinyelela ekufundeni. Ngakhoke, isikhathi saseMedina simele isikhathi lapho imfundo yayibonwa njengelungelo kanye nesibopho kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi, kungakhathalekile ubulili.

Isiphetho

Isithombe senhlalo yenkathi yeMedina, ngaphansi kobuholi boMprofethi uMuhammad, simele inkathi yenguquko emlandweni wamaSulumane, lapho imigomo yobulungisa, ukulingana, kanye nobubele yasetshenziswa ukuze kwakhiwe umphakathi onokuzwana. Umthethosisekelo waseMedina, ukugqugquzelwa kobulungiswa bezenhlalakahle nezomnotho, ukukhushulwa kwesimo sabesifazane, kanye nokuvikelwa kobuningi bezenkolo konke kube negalelo ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi obumbene nobandakanyayo.

Izinguquko ezethulwa ngesikhathi seMedina zabhekana nokungabi nabulungisa okuningi nokungalingani okwakukhona emphakathini wangaphambi kobuSulumane baseArabia, zabeka isisekelo sokuhleleka komphakathi okusha okusekelwe ezimisweni zokuziphatha zamaSulumane. Ngobuholi bakhe, uMprofethi uMuhammad wabonisa ukuthi izimfundiso zenkolo zingasetshenziswa kanjani ukuze kwakhiwe umphakathi onobulungiswa nolinganayo, ebeka isibonelo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Isikhathi seMedina sihlala siwumthombo wogqozi kumaSulumane emhlabeni jikelele, okubonisa ukuthi umphakathi osekelwe okholweni, olwazini, kanye nobulungisa ungachubeka kanjani ngokuzwana. Izifundo ezivela eMedina ziyaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela emcabangweni wamaSulumane, umthetho, kanye namasiko, okwenza kube isibonelo esingapheli sokuhlanganiswa kwengokomoya kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi.